Verbs of the 4th Conjugation (-UI)

These verbs belong to the 4th Conjugation: salio, salire, salui, saltum. Note that the PERFECT ends in -UI. Note also that two of the verbs in this episode, salto and insulto, belong to the 1st Conjugation. They are built off of the fourth principal part (salt-um > salt-are) or what would have been the fourth principal part (insult-um > insult-are), if it existed. Such verbs denote repetitive or continuous action. This is why the verb saltare means "to dance," because dancing -- for the Romans, at least -- was an act of leaping and bounding continuously.

Verbs of the 4th Conjugation (-IVI)

These verbs belong to the 4th Conjugation: audio, audire, audivi, auditus. Note that nearly all of these verbs may show an ending other than -IVI in the perfect. We thus find audii as well as audivi. Note also that the last four verbs of this audio are used only in the present, imperfect, and future.

Verbs of the Third Conjugation (Deponents & Semi-Deponents)

These verbs belong to the 3rd Conjugation: nascor, nasci, natus sum. Note that these verbs are passive in form but active in sense. Note also that the last five verbs of this audio are semi-deponents: gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum. As you will hear, I have decided to go against convention and not include the final "sum" for the third principal part. Just remember to add it mentally yourself.

Verbs of the Third Conjugation (-SCO)

These verbs belong to the 3rd Conjugation: nosco, noscere, novi, notus. Note that the PRESENT ends in -SCO, which will often express either the beginning of an action or the action in progress. This is why NOVISSE means "to know," whereas NOSCERE means "to become acquainted with" or "to learn," the process that precedes knowledge.

Verbs of the Third Conjugation (-I Stems)

These verbs belong to the 3rd Conjugation: capio, capere, cepi, captus. Note that the PRESENT stem ends in -I due to anaptyxis.